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Commercial
Corporate Law

At FA Abogados, we understand that anxiety. We act as your genuine external legal department or Company Secretariat. We bring order to all your commercial paperwork and safeguard every decision you make as a Director.

Seville

Company Law Solicitors

Running a company in Seville is much more than just going out and selling, and balancing the books at the end of the month. The reality is that the day-to-day running of a business can become a real pressure cooker.

Seville

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When the Administrator. Respond with your own money

The lethal Article 367 of the Capital Companies Act

The greatest danger you run as an administrator is that the company's debts become your personal debts. This happens if you ignore the legal grounds for dissolution.

The law is relentless: if your company accumulates losses that leave the net worth below half of the share capital, the company enters a mandatory dissolution cause. From that exact moment, you, as Director, have Only 2 months to convene a General Meeting.

At that board meeting, you must propose to the partners that they inject money (a capital increase) or agree to dissolve the company. If you fail to meet this deadline and the company continues to operate, the protective «veil» of the limited liability company (S.L.) will disappear instantly.

Any supplier or bank can repossess your house, your car and your personal accounts. to recover the company's debts. At FA Abogados, we audit your balance sheets quarterly to detect this risk and carry out the necessary notarial calls to make your family's assets untouchable.

How do we resolve The day-to-day legal aspects of your company

When a company grows or restructures, it requires precision legal surgery. We don't use templates; we design tailor-made commercial strategies to unblock your business through our three core services:

  1. Capital Increases and Investor Entry When a company needs liquidity to grow, bringing in a new partner is vital. However, the founders' greatest fear is losing control. We structure the operation by calculating precisely the Assumption Bonus (share premium). This way, we get the investor to provide the necessary capital, while you are not unfairly diluted and continue to maintain the majority of the votes at the General Meetings.
  2. Conflict Resolution and Blockages (The 50/50): Partnerships formed under Section 50% between two partners are a ticking time bomb. If you fall out, the business comes to a complete standstill, as neither of you has the majority needed to approve anything. To break the deadlock, we implement aggressive yet legal strategies: from exit agreements such as the «Russian roulette» clause (Texas Shoot-out), to mediation with independent experts or applying for a compulsory dissolution, always ensuring that the viability of the business takes precedence.
  3. Orderly Dissolution and Liquidation If the market has changed and the business is no longer viable, closing it down correctly is your final major responsibility. We execute the closure step by step: we draft the dissolution agreement, appoint you as liquidator, organise the orderly payment of creditors with the remaining assets, and proceed with the definitive cancellation with the Tax Agency and the Registry. We avoid at all costs a poorly executed closure leading to a dreaded Guilty Insolvency Proceedings.

Real solutions Societal crises in Seville

Legal theory is all well and good, but in business, results are what matter. This is how we recently resolved three critical situations for businessmen from Seville who came to us in despair:

The toxic partner (Separation Strategy)

The problem: A successful engineering firm in Seville had a minority partner (30%) who did not contribute any work, systematically blocked the approval of the accounts at general meetings and threatened to sue the director if he was not paid exorbitant dividends.

The FA solution We began hard negotiations, demonstrating your abuse of rights and your veiled unfair competition. We commissioned an independent valuation of your holdings and drafted a sale and purchase agreement.

The result: We achieved their definitive departure by paying a fair, time-deferred price. The company regained social peace, resumed agile decision-making, and avoided years of costly litigation in the Commercial Courts.

Saving Administrator's Heritage

The problem: A construction company went bankrupt suddenly. Several suppliers, advised by other legal firms, sued the Administrator directly, demanding that he pay €300,000 out of his own pocket, alleging that he had operated during the dissolution period.

The FA solution We reconstructed the entire company and documentary history. We demonstrated to the judge that our client had acted with extreme diligence, sending registered letters to the partners to convene the dissolution meeting within the exact two-month period stipulated by law.

The result: The claim against the Administrator was dismissed in its entirety with costs awarded against the creditors. We saved our client's family home and personal savings.

The Ghost Close (S.L. Inactive)

The problem: A client had a limited company that had been inactive for 6 years. They had stopped filing tax returns and annual accounts due to a lack of knowledge. The Mercantile Registry had closed their company registration, and the ICAC (Instituto de Contabilidad y Auditoría de Cuentas) was threatening them with huge fines.

The FA solution We took control, rebuilt the accounts from previous years at no cost (no activity), prepared the outstanding accounts, and convened a Universal Meeting to approve the simultaneous liquidation.

The result: We regularise the sanctioning files, register the dissolution of the company in the Commercial Registry and free you forever from that latent administrative burden.

Administrator vs. PartnerWho is in charge and what are their responsibilities?

Many conflicts arise because founders confuse their different «roles». Owning 80% of the shares does not give you the right to sign a contract on behalf of the company if you are not the Director. Know the rules of the game:

Legal AspectThe Administrator (The Manager)The Partner (The Owner)
Main Role in the S.L.Daily management, contract signing, staff recruitment and legal representation to third parties.Approval of the Annual Accounts, amendment of the articles of association and major structural decisions at the General Meeting.
Responsibility for DebtsPuede ser PERSONAL e ilimitada si actúa con negligencia, incumple leyes o no disuelve a tiempo (Art. 367 LSC).Totalmente LIMITADA al capital que aportó al fundar la empresa. Su patrimonio personal está a salvo.
Derecho a la InformaciónAcceso total, absoluto y continuo a la contabilidad, cuentas bancarias y contratos de la empresa.Derecho restringido. Puede revisar las cuentas principalmente a partir de la convocatoria de la Junta General ordinaria.
Remoción del CargoPuede ser destituido en cualquier momento por la mayoría de los socios (incluso sin justificación).No puede ser expulsado de la sociedad fácilmente, salvo que cometa infracciones muy graves previstas en los estatutos.

Preguntas clave sobre la vida legal de tu empresa

¿Me pueden echar de mi propia empresa si soy el Administrador?

Sí, de forma fulminante, incluso si tienes acciones. La Ley de Sociedades de Capital es clarísima respecto a la separación del administrador. La Junta General de Socios puede acordar tu cese en cualquier momento (separación ad nutum).

Lo más peligroso es que ni siquiera hace falta que tu cese esté incluido previamente en el Orden del Día de la reunión. Si en mitad de la Junta la mayoría del capital social decide que no confía en tu gestión, pueden votar tu destitución inmediata y nombrar a un sustituto allí mismo. Por eso, si eres minoritario, necesitas blindar tu posición mediante un Pacto de Socios robusto.

¿Qué pasa si llevo años sin legalizar los Libros o presentar Cuentas?

Te enfrentas a multas directas y a la muerte civil de tu empresa. No presentar las Cuentas Anuales provoca el temido «cierre de la hoja registral». Esto significa que no podrás inscribir ningún documento, ni poderes, ni cambios de administrador.

Además, el ICAC (Instituto de Contabilidad y Auditoría de Cuentas) está imponiendo multas sistemáticas que van desde 1.200€ hasta 60.000€. Y lo más grave a nivel legal: en caso de quiebra, el juez presumirá automáticamente que la insolvencia es culpa tuya por ocultar la contabilidad, lo que te hace responsable de pagar todas las deudas de la empresa con tu dinero personal.

Somos dos socios al 50% y no nos ponemos de acuerdo, ¿qué hacemos?

Estáis ante un «bloqueo societario» y requiere intervención urgente. Cuando los socios están al 50%, ninguna decisión importante puede aprobarse si uno vota en contra. La empresa queda paralizada financieramente y operativamente.

Si la parálisis es prolongada e insalvable, la ley lo considera una causa legal de disolución obligatoria. Cualquier socio puede pedir al juez mercantil de Sevilla que ordene la disolución y liquidación forzosa de la empresa. Para evitar destruir el valor del negocio, nosotros intervenimos inmediatamente para forzar una negociación de compraventa de la mitad de las participaciones antes de llegar a los tribunales.

¿Es legal que la empresa me preste dinero a mí como socio?

Es legal, pero Hacienda lo vigila con lupa. Las transferencias de la cuenta de la S.L. a la cuenta personal del socio no pueden hacerse a la ligera. Se consideran «Operaciones Vinculadas».

Para que sea legal y no se considere un dividendo encubierto o una apropiación indebida, debes redactar un contrato formal de préstamo entre la empresa y tú. Este préstamo debe tener un calendario de pagos real y aplicar un tipo de interés de mercado (como mínimo, el interés legal del dinero). Además, debe quedar registrado y presentarse en la Agencia Tributaria (Modelo 600) para evitar inspecciones y sanciones millonarias.

¿Cómo puedo obligar a repartir dividendos si la empresa gana dinero?

Tienes un arma secreta: el Derecho de Separación. Es muy común que el socio mayoritario (que además cobra un sueldo como administrador) se niegue año tras año a repartir los beneficios, ahogando económicamente al socio minoritario.

Para evitar este abuso, el Artículo 348 bis de la Ley de Sociedades de Capital te protege. Si la empresa lleva cinco años inscrita y ha tenido beneficios continuados, pero la Junta se niega a repartir al menos el 25% de los beneficios distribuibles, tú tienes derecho a exigir que la empresa te compre tus participaciones a un precio justo de mercado y marcharte. Es una herramienta letal de presión que nosotros usamos para obligar al mayoritario a negociar el reparto.

¿Puedo anular una decisión de la Junta si la mayoría ha votado para perjudicarme?

Absolutamente sí, se llama Impugnación de Acuerdos Sociales. Si el socio mayoritario aprueba acuerdos que no benefician a la empresa, sino que solo buscan su beneficio personal y perjudicarte a ti (por ejemplo, aprobarse un sueldo desorbitado, o hacer una ampliación de capital innecesaria para diluirte), es ilegal.

En FA Abogados interponemos demandas de impugnación por «abuso de mayoría». Solicitamos al juez de lo mercantil que declare nulo ese acuerdo de forma retroactiva, restaurando tus derechos y exigiendo responsabilidad por daños al mayoritario que impuso la votación de forma fraudulenta.


Abogado experto en Derecho Societario de Sevilla

FA Lawyers

+34 620 585 911
Avenue of the Argentine Republic, 37A, 2nd floor.
Seville

Where is our
Law Firm?

We’re located in the center of Seville with easy access.

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Mon–Fri 9 AM – 6 PM
Sat–Sun Closed
Av. de la República Argentina, 37A, 2nd floor
41011 Seville
Spain